This is a course on the science and art of correct thinking and reasoning. As such, this course is a pre-requisite of all the sciences in the sense that Logic is an instrument for discovering and presenting truths in all scientific investigations. This course is essentially concerned with the systematized study of the reasoning process for the purpose of helping the student think clearly, easily and correctly. It covers important areas such as judgment, propositions, syllogisms as well as fallacies.
This course intends to help the students learn and understand, by way of exercises and tests, the proper study of logic as an art as well as a science. This course enables the student to examine and analyze fallacies as well as the other errors in reasoning. Through the study of Logic, the student becomes familiar with the techniques and methods for testing the correctness and validity of many different kinds of reasoning, including his own.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Nature of Philosophy. The Branches of Philosophy. A Short History of Logic. The Uses of Logic. The Importance, Domain and Definition of Logic. Forms of Mental Activity. Material and Formal Logic. Division of Logic. The Ten Commandments of Philosophers.
II. LOGIC OF TERMS
Comprehension and Extension. Constants vs. Variables. Meaning and Terms. Univocal, Analogous, Equivocal Terms. Contradictory, Contrary, Complementary Terms. Concept of Class-complement. Extension of Terms.
III. DEFINITION AND DIVISION OF TERMS
Definition. Kinds of Definitions. Rules of Definitions. Division and Rules of Logical Division.
IV. JUDGMENT AND THE PROPOSITION
Nature of Judgment. Positive and Negative Abstraction. The Nature of the Propositions. The Elements of a Proposition.
V. THE CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
Quality and Quantity of the Proposition. The Symbols A, E, I, O. The Distribution of the Predicate Term. Euler's and Venn's Diagram of the A, E, I, O Propositions. The Boolean Equations. The Logical Form of Propositions.
VI. THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
The Nature and Modes of Oppositional Inferences. The Laws of Opposition.
VII. EDUCTIONS
The Golden Rule of Deductive Inference. Simple and Accidental Conversion. Obversion and Contraposition.
MIDTERM EXAMS
VIII. THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
The Nature and Form of Syllogism. Basic Structure of the Categorical Syllogism. 8 General Syllogistic Laws.
IX. THE HYPOTHETICAL AND SPECIAL TYPES OF SYLLOGISMS
Kinds of Hypothetical Syllogisms. The Enthememe. The Epichireme. The Dilemma. Ways of Making and Refuting a Dilemma.
X. THE NATURE AND KINDS OF FALLACIES
The Rhetorical Fallacies. The Logical Fallacies.
XI. PRACTICUM
FINAL EXAMINATIONS
| quiz before discussion of each new lesson |
| class recitations |
| individual board-work |
| graded group work group or individual reports |
| practicum |
Agapay, Ramon B. LOGIC: THE ESSENTIALS OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Metro Manila: National Book Store, Inc.,1991.
Bauzon, Prisciliano. LOGIC FOR FILIPINOS. Aurelio Elevazo, Ph.D. (Ed.). Metro Manila: National Book Sore, Inc., 1994.
Bachhuber, Andrew. S.J. INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC. New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957. Reprinted by National Bookstore, Mandaluyong City, Philippines.
Copi, Irving & Carl Cohen. INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC. 9th Ed., International Ed. Prentice-Hall International, Inc., Printed in the Philippines, 1994.
Montemayor, Felix. HARMONY OF LOGIC. 3rd Revised Ed. Metro Manila: National Book Store, Inc., 1993.
Reyes, Edgardo A. LOGIC: SIMPLIFIED AND INTEGRATED. Revised Ed. Metro Manila: National Book Store, Inc., 1988.
Timbreza, Florentino T. LOGIC MADE SIMPLE FOR FILIPINOS. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 1995.
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